3D printing of bone scaffolds from starch hydrogels activated with plant extracts obtained via natural deep eutectic solvents: a sustainable approach for processability and functionality

Abstract

In the field of 3D printing of biomaterials such as bone scaffolds, developing inks with high levels of printability and biocompatibility is challenging due to the need to balance processability with the functionality of these materials. Starch has been shown to be a good candidate for producing biomaterials, and its use in 3D printing has already been reported. Furthermore, to improve the functionality of scaffolds, it is possible to incorporate substances rich in active compounds with antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this context, the extraction of bioactive compounds with NADES (natural deep eutectic solvents) offers significant advantages, as they allow for increased efficiency in the extraction of compounds with varied polarities, especially those less soluble in water. This affinity makes the use of NADES advantageous in the extraction of phytochemicals and other bioactive, in addition to preserving the stability of the compounds, which are less prone to oxidation and thermal degradation in this medium. Furthermore, because they are biodegradable and less toxic than conventional organic solvents, NADES are a more sustainable and safer choice. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to perform 3D printing of bone scaffolds using starch hydrogels activated by the incorporation of plant extracts produced by conventional methods with water or by natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The rheological properties and printability of the formulations will be evaluated and the bone scaffolds will be characterized concerning their mechanical, morphological (surface and porosity), functional (biodegradability and swelling capacity), and active (antioxidant, antimicrobial, cell viability, and mineralization) properties. Finally, this study will evaluate the potential of combining raw materials from natural sources, combined with innovative and sustainable technologies, for developing new biomaterials intended for bone tissue regeneration, offering customization and active properties beneficial to human health.